Notes from the meeting
Once
again there was a good turnout with good contributions from all.
Nick Heath: Resistance to
World War One
Nick
has been studying this history in detail, which is far from easy as almost all
the records of hearings of Conscientious Objectors (COs) were burned. His
sources have been newspapers (socialist, anarchist, local, national) and books
including:
Ken
Weller - “'Don't be a soldier!' The radical anti-war movement in north London
1914-1918”
John Quail’s - “The Slow Burning Fuse: The Lost History of the British Anarchists” –
(both of which are due to be republished soon.)
and “Comrades in Conscience: The
Story of an English Community's Opposition to the Great War” by Cyril Pearce (recently republished).
Nick mentioned that resistance to the war in the UK was not
confined to the 16,000 registered conscientious objectors but also included
many people who applied for this status but were rejected. CO’s were from
different backgrounds – working class, intellectuals and merchants. They
included various beliefs such as socialists, anarchists, Quakers and other
religious groups.
Nick feels that the official commemorations of the 1914-1918 war
have become a celebration of sacrifice and justification for wars happening
now. “In some ways World War One never ended”. We now face wars across the
world and the tempo of warfare is hotting up.
Prior to 1914 anarchists and socialists had said that they would
call for a general strike if war broke out, but this did not happen in most
cases – a capitulation. Only a minority of these groups actually opposed the
war on internationalist principles.
Indeed, suffragettes Emmeline and Christabel Pankhurst became
patriotic from 1914 onwards and were involved with starting the “white feather”
campaign to shame men into enlisting. (Sylvia Pankhurst and other suffragettes remained opposed to the war).
Aspiring conscientious objectors were not treated well and faced
very biased tribunals. The court in Newcastle was seen as being particularly
biased - tribunals there were met with protests, including an occupation.
Other networks of resistance operated alongside support for COs.
Draft dodgers and war resisters went on the run (some hid in the Scottish
highlands, others escaped to America.)
Branches of the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) in Scotland,
London and especially Liverpool helped to smuggle out resisters.
There was also resistance on Clydeside through industrial
activity.
Mass opposition soared in 1916 after a great deal of slaughter and
the introduction of conscription. The circulation of anarchist newspapers shot
up, their popularity bringing police raids and other forms of state repression.
The “Voice of Labour” newspaper was shut down, only to be replaced with a new
publication titled “Satire”.
George Davison (who had become wealthy through setting up Kodak)
established 8 or 9 anarchist “Workers Forum” groups in Wales which sheltered
people opposed to the war.
The Communist Club in Stockport distributed anti-war literature
and also harboured deserters. It was also raided, its members imprisoned and
badly beaten in some cases. (See article by Nick here.
There were some ironies in the UK state pursuing anarchists and
socialists from overseas who had settled here. For example German anarchists
who had been targeted by the secret service for protesting against the Kaiser
when he visited London were then also rounded up with other German nationals
and put in internment camps such as those in Alexandra Palace and the Isle of Man (where some
of them died).
Towards the end of the war there were mutinies in the British
Army, for example the West Indian Regiment (see article in the “Against War”
issue of The Anarchist Federation’s “Resistance” free-sheet). Additionally
there were revolutions in Russia, Germany Hungary and some parts of Ireland.
Nick finished up by saying that he felt it was our duty as people
interested in radical history to dig deep into these hidden stories of
resistance. If we don’t, who will?
Jennifer Bell: "We
will not fight! - Conscientious objectors in North London"
Jennifer has
done a great deal of research into COs in Hornsey, mainly via archive copies of
The Hornsey Journal. Many of the CO tribunals are reported in detail, but
unfortunately no names are given.
There is a
register of 16,000 COs but Jennifer thinks there may have been up to 20,000
people who actually objected.
She gave the
example of 3 brothers, all of whom applied to be COs but only one had that
status granted. The other two were harassed, sent to the front and killed.
Jennifer has
found 150 names of objectors from Hornsey alone. The tribunal there was
particularly biased against COs. It was chaired by Alderman Edwin Sloper, and
featured some subservient councillors, lay members from a middle class area of
the borough and a representative of “labour” (i.e. the working class, not the
Labour Party) who is not quoted as having said anything. Oh and a representative
from the Army.
The
“conscience clause” in the law referred simply to one’s conscience generally,
but the Hornsey tribunal only accepted religious conscience, rejecting any
political or non-religious objectors.
A letter from
a trade unionist to the Hornsey Journal stated that he was “astounded by the
treatment of the objectors” and felt that the proceedings were “unfair and
unjust”.
A Mr Simper, a
Christadelphian (lots of whom seemed to be COs – further research needed?)
stated that the Hornsey tribunal was the only one he had attended “where I have
received coarse abuse”.
The
geographical area of the modern borough of Haringey was home to almost 300 COs,
which is higher than you would expect – the area was not particularly
industrial (so not many trade unionists). Indeed most of the Hornsey COs were
lower middle class / white collar workers.
One reason for
this may have been the North London Herald League, based in Green Lanes. They
held mass meetings in Finsbury Park against the war and also had rallies
outside the Salisbury pub (re-enacted in August 2014 with links made to current
anti-war movements).
The No
Conscription Fellowship was also active in the area – assisted COs.
Hornsey also
had strong non-conformist churches including the Presbyterians and
Congregationists.
Hornsey
objectors included quite a few “absolutists” who refused to take up even
non-combatant roles in the war. The Walker brothers were five siblings from
Stroud Green who applied for CO status. Charles Walker described the brutal
conditions they faced at Chatham barracks where they were held before being
moved to prison. Their violent abuse came from officers and NCOs rather than
the ordinary soldiers who treated them with respect.
The Walkers
were unaligned socialists but are listed as Quakers on the database of COs.
Possibly this is because bureaucrats processing COs used “Quaker” as any easy
(but inaccurate) shortcut term, or because COs themselves felt that they would
be more successful if they claimed to be Quakers rather than political [which
would have been correct - see comments above about the bias of the Hornsey
tribunal].
Albert Samuel
Inkpin, secretary of the British Socialist Party was another interesting
objector. He had received a bloody nose for his strident anti-war views at a
BSP meeting. Albert was exempted from serving in the war on medical grounds but
appealed this as he wanted to be registered as a CO. He was refused, and
appealed again!
Isaac and
Jason Goss were also absolutists, who lived in the same road as the Walkers
(suggesting that social networks played a part in building resistance to the
war). The Goss brothers were Jewish converts to Quakerism. Isaac was exempted
from war duty on the grounds of doing work of national importance, but also
appealed. His case ended up being forgotten about by the powers that be, so he
spent the remainder of the war at home. Joseph wasn’t as fortunate – he was
arrested for desertion and sent to a work camp. He eventually served more than
2 years in prison (the supposed maximum).
Jennifer
raised the issue of “sacrifice” as it is mentioned in the current
commemorations. She feels there is a key distinction between self-sacrifice
(for one’s own beliefs – as we have seen above) and being sacrificed.
Jennifer has
many case studies of conscientious objectors from Hornsey and is currently
considering what to do with them. One option would be a hard copy publication,
but a blog is also being considered.
General Discussion
·
There
was a scandal when it emerged that some absolutist objectors were being
transported to France to be shot. (One of them threw a note from the train
which was found by a railwayman and trade unionist – the subsequent furore
ensured that they were not shot)
·
Some
suggestion that aspiring COs in the north of England were forcibly conscripted
and “disappeared”? Possibly, but the government was very wary of creating
martyrs.
·
How
do we commemorate people who objected to the war? An example was given of
memorials at a train station to those who had fought. Can we make “counter
plaques” for COs and other resisters?
·
Women's
Peace Crusade – largely forgotten about now. By 1917/18 many men were dead or
in prison so protest was led by women. 130 demonstrations held in 1917 alone,
many of which were enormous but unrecorded.
·
It
was suggested that the World War One commemorations are essentially an implicit
celebration of the British Empire.
·
Provocations
in the anti-war movement. The Ministry of Munitions (precursor to Special
Branch) infiltrated the anti-war and peace movement. Alice Wheeldon a working
class socialist and vegetarian was imprisoned for conspiracy to murder Prime
Minister Lloyd George, but only because of the evidence and provocation of an
infiltrator. She was eventually released early but became sick and died. It was
noted that these tactics are still being used by spycops and provocateurs like
Mark Kennedy (see previous meeting). Sheila Rowbotham has written a play about
Alice Wheeldon (see “Further WW1 Happenings” entry on this blog)
·
Manchester
No Conscription Fellowship networks – looked after the families of COs,
including donations of money. Also published a journal, and provided prison
support (visits, cakes, songs outside!).
·
In
Hackney a CO's daughter was victimised by the Head-teacher at her school, who
prevented her from going to her intended grammar school. The Quaker
Head-teacher of Clapton School (now Clapton Girls) invited her to study there
instead.
· It
was pointed that that if “World War One never ended” that resistance to it
never ended either. Much of the peace movement and war resistance we have today
has its roots in protests against WW1.
·
Had
much research been done into Tottenham/Edmonton? Not much but Tottenham Quakers
are doing some. Possibly just into Quakers though.
·
What
can we learn from all this? COs did not stop the war. It was suggested that WW1
shows us that only the working class acting together to defend its own
interests can. The 1917 revolution in Russia was given as an example of this.
“As long as there is capitalism there will be war”. [Possibly the working class
role in ending the war is a topic to explore at a future meeting?]
·
General
discussion of the strong labour movement prior to 1914 not managing to prevent
the war. Clear reasons why individuals with anti-war positions may end up
supporting war, but harder to understand why anti-war movements (socialists
etc) do.
·
There
was a discussion about the ideological evolution of the German Social Democrats
[which went a bit over my head, to be honest]. Should they have split instead
of opting to stay together as a party?
·
Karl
Liebknecht and Rosa Luxemburg’s 1915 slogan “The main enemy is at home” was
cited as an example of German Socialists maintaining principled anti-war
positions.
·
John
Maclean and James Connolly were given as other examples of people whose class
based opposition of the war was worth looking into.
http://www.coproject.org.uk/; http://www.ppu.org.uk/nomorewar/a_saidNo/index_saidno.html
and David Boulton, Objection
Overruled: Conscription and Conscience in the First World War. Dent, Cumbria, Dales Historical Monographs in Association with Friends Historical
Society, 2014.]
Next meeting:
Wednesday 10th December. Topic to be confirmed.
