EMMELINE
PANKHURST, FREDERICK WILLIAM PETHICK LAWRENCE, EMMELINE PETHICK LAWRENCE,
Damage to Property > other, 14th May 1912.
Although
these personalities were not the most politically radical in the Suffragette
movement, and the divisions between their outlook and that of Sylvia Pankhurst
and others were to become more obvious, their advocacy of militant action
brought them up against the law. The state's response foreshadowed methods it
was to use in the future against various types of dissident: the cat-and-mouse
tactic of releasing and re-imprisoning hunger-striking COs in the First World War
is a case in point. In this trial, we see not only the "conspiracy"
charge, allowing more severe sentencing than for individual acts (it was a favourite against anti-nuclear activists as in the
Official Secrets Act Trial 50 years later) but also the way
in which the Special Branch was deployed to collect "evidence". It shows too some of the inner workings of the campaign for votes for women, its
tactics and the arguments its advocates employed in the context of the time.
From transcript of Old Bailey
Proceedings
(slightly shortened, with minor
editing; subheadings and highlighting added)
PANKHURST,
Emmeline, LAWRENCE, Frederick William Pethick (40, barrister),
and LAWRENCE, Emmeline Pethick (43, editor), were tried upon an indictment
charging them with conspiring together and with one Christabel Pankhurst
to unlawfully and maliciously damage and inciting others to unlawfully and
maliciously damage certain property, to wit, glass windows, the property of the
liege subjects of our Lord the King. The 54 counts of the indictment are
referred to in the legal argument on May 21.
The
Attorney-General (Sir Rufus Isaacs, K.C.V.O., K.C., M.P.), Mr. Bodkin, Mr.
Rowlatt, and Mr. Graham-Campbell prosecuted; Mr. T.M. Healy, K.C., M.P., Mr.
Muir and Mr. Blanco White defended E. P. Lawrence.
(Wednesday, May 15)
Detective-sergeant FREDERICK
EVEREST , Special Branch, New Scotland Yard. I was present at a meeting of
the Women's Social and Political Union at Steinway Hall on October 26. Among
the speakers were Miss Christabel Pankhurst and Miss Evelyn Sharp. I took
longhand notes of the speeches and on the same night made up, from my
recollection assisted by the rough notes, a report of the speeches. One extract
from Miss Christabel's speech is as follows: "The answer Mr. Lloyd George
gave to the deputation of the Men's League was quite easy to understand. Mr.
Lloyd George wanted to make the Conciliation Bill so expansive that many who
now supported it would drop it."
Cross-examined by
F.W.P. Lawrence. I have very
little recollection of the meeting beyond my note. I understood Miss Pankhurst
to say that "militancy" was not going on at that time, but she said,
"If Mr. Lloyd George forced his wrecking amendment militancy would be
again started." She explained that Mr. Lloyd George intended to alter the
whole character of the Conciliation Bill when it went into Committee and that
he proposed to move an amendment to make the Bill a very wide one,
enfranchising seven million women. It was because she thought Mr. Lloyd
George's proposal would make it an unworkable Bill and that it was not in her
opinion likely to get through the House of Commons that she was watching Mr.
Lloyd George's action; and so long as he refrained from taking steps which she
considered would wreck or injure the chances of the Bill she would advise the
members of the Union to remain peaceful—in other words, there would be no
militancy if what she regarded as fair political tactics were continued.
Sergeant ARTHUR
RANDELL, New Scotland Yard, said that he was present and took longhand notes at
a meeting of the W.S.P.U. at Steinway Hall on November 9, at which the speakers
were Miss Pankhurst, Lady Constance Lytton, and Mrs. Drummond. Miss Pankhurst
made a very ardent appeal to those present to join in a deputation to the
Prime. Minister and the Chancellor of the Exchequer on November 21. The report
of this meeting in "Votes for Women" of November 17, 1911, was
correct, though greatly abbreviated.
To F.W.P. Lawrence. In my opinion the principal part of Miss Pankhurst's speech was her
appeal for volunteers; I mean the principal part from my notion of its legal
effect. One great point she made was that up to the previous Tuesday the women
had relied upon the promise of members of the Cabinet that full opportunity
would be given in the House of Commons for the discussion of the Conciliation
Bill; that on the Tuesday the Prime Minister had put forward a proposal to
enfranchise the whole manhood of the country, a proposal which rendered a
non-party solution of the Woman Suffrage question impossible; in other words,
that the Conciliation Bill had been ruined by the Prime Minister's action. In
"Votes for Women" of November 17 is an article headed, "The only
terms of Peace"; this is an extract: "This decision to establish
Manhood Suffrage, a decision due in no small measure, so we understand, to the
inspiration of Mr. Lloyd George, finally disposes of the hope of carrying Woman
Suffrage as a non-party measure. The introduction of a Bill abolishing all
franchise restrictions means that the question of Woman Suffrage now becomes
entangled with that of Universal Suffrage. As a result those who believe that
franchise restrictions should be maintained are alienated from the women's
cause, while those who support Manhood Suffrage only are not won over to it.
The agreement brought about by the Conciliation Committee, and afterwards
rudely shaken by Lloyd George, is now put to death by the Government's threat
of Manhood Suffrage. Are we not justified in saying that 'an enemy hath done
this thing'? The Government, to state the matter in the most charitable terms,
have made Woman Suffrage a party question. Therefore they are in honour bound
now to make it a party measure. We demand that they shall do this. So long at
there was a prospect of success for the Conciliation Bill, and so long as the
effect of that measure would have been to give women virtual equality with men
and a guarantee of equality under future franchise laws, the Women's Social and
Political Union observed a truce with the Government. But now that the Government
have destroyed these two conditions, the truce can be observed no longer,
unless they consent to give certain reasonable undertakings. These
undertakings, these terms of peace, are as follows: That the Government abandon
the Manhood Suffrage Bill and introduce in its stead a measure giving precisely
equal franchise rights to men and women. That the measure be carried through
next Session, in order that the protection of the Parliament Act shall be
secured. That the Government stake their existence upon the Bill as a whole,
and undertake to stand or fall as much by the provisions for Votes for Women as
by the provision for Votes for Men. We cannot with safety, we dare not, accept
any pledge less full and less explicit than this." (Other extracts from
"Votes for Women" were read.) It appears from this paper of November
17 that about 60 meetings were being arranged by the W.S.P.U. in that week in
London and 40 or 50 in the provinces, making a total of something like 100
meetings held in a particular week throughout the country, presumably of an
educational kind, on the votes for women question.
Re-examined. In the same paper there is a paragraph headed,"Be prepared for
action." Also a paragraph, "A Call to Arms! On Tuesday next, at
7.30p.m., the Caxton Hall will be crowded with women who will assemble for the
purpose of resolving upon such action—whether militant or otherwise—as the
Prime Minister's statement may render necessary." Following that in big
type was an intimation that it was most important that those who wished to
participate should write without delay to the headquarters of the W.S.P.U.
Three dozen hammers
RICHARD
MELHUISH , of Melhuish, Limited, tool merchants, Fetter Lane. On February
22 or 23, a lady called and asked for some hammers similar to a pattern hammer
which she brought; she was supplied with three dozen at about 1s. each; she
took them away with her. (Witness identified a number of the hammers, presently
proved, as being part of the lot sold by him.)
Police-constable SURMAN,
124 B. I attended a meeting of the W.S.P.U. at the Albert Hall on November 16.
Mr. Pethick Lawrence presided, and other speakers were Miss Pankhurst, Miss
Vida Goldstein, and Miss Annie Kenney. (Witness's shorthand reports of these
speeches were read.)
Cross-examined by
E. Pankhurst. This meeting was a very large one;
about 9,000 people attended, every seat being paid for; the audience consisted
of very well-to-do ladies and gentlemen; they were very enthusiastic, and there
was only one dissentient to the resolution at the finish.
Police-constable THOMAS
WHITBREAD, 38 HR. I was in Parliament Street on November 21 about 7.55 p.m.,
when I saw Sarah Bennett throw a stone at No. 35, a shop of the Aerated Bread
Company.
Mr. Healy submitted
that this evidence was not admissible. The prosecution could not present
evidence of individual acts before they had proved conspiracy linking those
acts with these defendants.
Mr. Graham-Campbell
said the' conspiracy charged was between these defendants and certain other
persons, amongst whom was Sarah Bennett. In Archbold, 24th Edition, p. 1423,
several cases were cited for the proposition that "The prosecutor may go
into general evidence of the nature of the conspiracy, before he gives evidence
to connect the defendant with it."
Mr. Justice
Coleridge held that, in the speeches so far proved, there was no direct
evidence that any of the defendants had incited Sarah Bennett.
•GEORGE EATON
HART , manager St. Clement's Press, Portugal Street, W.C. My firm has
printed "Votes for Women" by contract with Mr. Pethick Lawrence. He
paid for the work by cheque. About 30,000 copies were printed weekly and were
delivered at the offices of the Women's Social and Political Union, 4,
Clement's Inn. I do not know Mrs. Pethick Lawrence. Beneath the title of the
paper was printed the information that it was edited by "Frederick and
Emmeline Pethick Lawrence." I recollect that on March 4 last a proof
reader called my attention to a certain article. Upon that I wrote to the
prisoner, F.W.P. Lawrence.
Mr. Healy objected
to the reading of this letter. Witness had not yet stated that he printed the
paper by the authority of Mrs. Pethick Lawrence.
Mr. Justice
Coleridge said that the letter was evidence against F.W.P. Lawrence, but at
present it would not be evidence against E. P. Lawrence.
The letter was then
read. In it witness objected to print certain matter. Witness continued:
The number was issued with several blanks. In December, 1911, I printed 20,000
copies of an article, and in March last the matter was re-set as a circular. I
saw the proof and objected to print it. The matter I declined to print appears
in "Votes for Women" of December 1, 1911, under the heading,
"Broken Windows." Exhibit 39 is a proof of an article set up by us
for the March number, and which we declined to print, with the result that the
space for the article was left blank in the paper.
To F.W.P. Lawrence.
[...] The leaflet headed "Broken Windows" was first published as an
article in "Votes for Women" of December 1, and subsequently as a leaflet
in December. I refused to re-publish the same article in March because, in
consequence of what had happened one of my directors came to see me, and after
a consultation we decided not to print it.
To Mr. Healy. I also declined to print the following: "I lay down this
proposition—democracy has never been a menace to property. I will tell you what
has been a menace to property. When power was withheld, from the democracy,
when they had no voice in the Government, when they were oppressed, and when
they had no means of securing redress except by violence—then property has many
times been swept away.—(Mr. Lloyd George at Bath, November 24)."
Re-examined. In the number of December there is also printed: "The Next
Protest.—Names of volunteers for active service continue to come in; they
include those of many who took part in the demonstration of Tuesday, November
21, while others are of women who have not yet taken militant action. The
following are typical letters: 'As I was discharged at Bow Street last
Thursday, I am ready for the next. Please enter my name upon the militant list,
for I have not "learnt better," as Mr. Muskett advised me! You may
count on me till the crack of doom! If it is a mere question of the more the
merrier I don't think I could stay away. In the future, when we have reached
our goal, I can imagine what a mean cur I should feel at having watched other
people doing the dirty work without having raised a finger to help.' Names
should be sent to Miss Christabel Pankhurst, 4, Clement's Inn, W.C."
(Thursday, May 16.)
THOMAS RALPH ,
clerk, Westminster City Council, proved, from the rate-book of St. Clement's
Dane, that certain rooms in 3, 4, 5, and 6, Clement's Inn, were rated in the
names of the Women's Social and Political Union, others in the name of E.P.
Lawrence, two in that of F.W. P. Lawrence.
To F.W.P. Lawrence. I have no means of distinguishing rooms occupied as offices and
rooms occupied as private flats. [...]
ALICE HARVEY ,
joint owner of 156, Charing Cross Road, said that she let those premises to
F.W.P. Lawrence at £275 a year; the name over the premises was "The
Women's Press."
THOMAS SHORT
GRAHAM , manager, Temple Bar Branch of Barclay's Bank. The Women's Social
and Political Union has had an account at my bank for many years past. [...] On
July 1, 1911, the account showed a credit balance of £9,306, on December 31 the
balance was £10,628, on March 1, 1912, £7,362. On March 6 there is a debit
entry of £7,000, by a cheque dated March 1, payable to Mrs. Ayrton, signed by
E.P. Lawrence and C.H. Pankhurst. ("Witness was taken through a number of
entries, showing that payments were made for the hiring of halls and the
printing of "Votes for Women," with some payments to the "Women's
Press.") [...]
To E. Pankhurst. We have no accounts with the local unions; all that passes through
our hands is exclusively the money of the National Union. I should describe the
account as an active one; it has been a growing account; since it started, I
dare say about £100,000 has passed through the account. I cannot say whether
the amounts paid in and out in respect of meetings show a profit upon that part
of the work. I should agree that this organisation is one which is increasing
in popularity and strength, so far as finance can give evidence.
FRANK
GLENISTER , manager of the London Pavilion, said that during 1911 and the
early part of this year the theatre was used for meetings of the Union, and
produced the agreements under which the place was let. These included undertakings
by the Union that the premises should be left in good order after the meetings,
that nothing should be done or permitted contrary to the terms of the theatre
licence, and that the proprietors should be re-imbursed for any damage
resulting from the meetings.
To E. Pankhurst. The meetings were very well attended, and quite orderly. We found
the Union satisfactory tenants in every way.
To Mr. Healy. It never occurred to me that we were letting the Pavilion as part of
the machinery of a great conspiracy.
HARRY PERCIVAL
TOWERS , business manager of the Savoy Theatre, gave similar evidence.
Inspector CHARLES
CROCKER . On November 21, 1911, I was on duty at Cannon Row Police
Station, and attended to the bailing out of women who had been arrested that
night. About 180 were brought in, and 175 were bailed out. Fifty of the women
gave their addresses as 4, Clement's Inn. F.W.P. Lawrence arrived at the
station at 11 o'clock and said he wanted the women to promise him, as he had
given an undertaking on their behalf, that they would not offend again before
they had been taken before the Court. I heard the undertaking given. He had a
list of the names, and his signature appears in the bailing-out book (produced)
175 times as being surety for that number of women. (Witness gave the names of
some of the women who were bailed out.) I was again on duty at Cannon Bow on
March 1, when 10 women were charged. F.W.P. Lawrence did not become bail on
that day for anybody. I was also on duty on March 4, when about 50 women were
charged, and I attended to the bailing-out of 47 of them. Some of them gave the
Clement's Inn address. About 11 o'clock Mr. and Mrs. Pethick Lawrence came to
the station. F.W. P. Lawrence again gave an undertaking that the women would
not offend until they had been before the police court the following morning.
The women gave the promise to him collectively. (Witness produced the
bailing-out book, which showed that F.W.P. Lawrence bailed out 23 and E.P.
Lawrence 24 women.)
Inspector GEORGE
HAMMOND gave evidence as to attending to the bailing-out of women at
Marlborough Street Police Station on March 1. Twenty-six women were charged,
and F.W.P. Lawrence came at eleven o'clock and bailed the whole of them out.
Detective ALBERT
CANNING , New Scotland Yard, produced a file of "Votes for
Women" from November, 1911, to March, 1912, and a number of extracts were
read upon which the prosecution relied. These included a report of a speech by
E. Pankhurst at the Savoy Theatre on February 15, in which she said that,
"Great as had been the need on previous occasions, the need now was
greater still. No matter how obscure any woman thought herself she could rise
to the level of the highest. The people of China won freedom at the price of
blood, but the women of England would win freedom only at the price of a few
panes of glass. I have come to the conclusion,' said Mrs. Pankhurst, 'that if I
had broken a pane of glass with other women when younger than my daughter,
women would have had the vote long ago. Since we cannot get our freedom by
women's ways, then I am going out to throw my stone with the rest of you."
(E. Pankhurst asked that the whole of her speech should be read. This was
done.) A further extract was, "She would only refer to the political
situation to say that the proposal, as the Union understood it, was that Mr.
Asquith meant to introduce a Bill to extend the franchise to men to the
exclusion of women. This treatment after fifty years of constitutional
agitation and six years of a passionate agitation of an unconstitutional kind,
showed the status of woman in this country, and there was no excuse for those
who had not revolted at the injustice of these proposals." In an article
in the same number occurred the passage, "In the later stages of the militant
campaign some members of the public have found that they do not altogether
escape the uncomfortable consequences of the warfare between women and the
Government. When this happens on a sufficiently extended scale, and the public
at large feel that they are directly concerned to secure the capitulation of
the Government and the concession of women's claim to the vote, then victory
will be ours. We also shall secure an Act of Parliament for the abolition of
our grievances. The position has got to be carried by storm. The militant woman
must create a crisis—a difficulty from which all concerned are eager to escape.
Then, and then only, will women become politically free. "This issue also
contained the invitation to men and women to go to Parliament Square for the March
4 demonstration, but there was no reference to anything that was going to
happen on March 1.
Over a hundred meetings a week
To F.W.P. Lawrence. In each issue of the paper there are about two pages devoted to what
is called "The Campaign Throughout the Country " - in London and in
the provinces; roughly, fifty or sixty meetings were being held in London and
the same number in the provinces each week, that is over a hundred meetings of
the Women's Social and Political Union each week. There is in each issue from
half to a whole column of names of contributors to what was called he £250,000
Fund, and there are special paragraphs relating to protests from time to time;
these did not form a large feature of the paper. (Witness, at the request of
F.W.P. Lawrence, read a number of extracts from "Votes for
Women"—reproducing, under the heading of "The record of postponement
and evasion," letters and, speeches by Mr. Gladstone, Sir Henry
Campbell-Bannerman, Mr. Asquith, Mr. Lloyd George, and others.)
Mr. Justice Coleridge,
interposing while F.W.P. Lawrence was continuing the reading of these extracts,
reminded prisoner that the allegation of the prosecution was that he and his
co-defendants entered into a conspiracy to incite certain persons to commit
breaches of the law. Anything that had any bearing on that issue the Court
would listen to at any length, but how the mis-deeds of the Government, if they
were mis-deeds, or the changes of policy of this or that Minister could have
any bearing on the issue now being tried it was difficult to see. What Mr.
Lloyd George or Mr. Asquith had said or done had no bearing on the case, unless
it had some bearing on whether these accused persons incited any persons to
conspiracy.
Mr. Healy submitted
that, the file having been put in, it was open to the defendants to read
anything from the papers.
Mr. Justice
Coleridge said he did not exclude anything.
Mr. Healy. It is
part of the defence that these, occurrences arose not because of the
incitements in these papers but because of the breaches of faith of the
Ministers who are attacked in these columns, We say, and we are entitled to
say, that what gave rise to these manifestations is not the result of the
action of the prisoners primarily, but is due to the antecedent breach of faith
from which the general body of those who claim the vote suffer, be that view
right or be it wrong.
Mr. Justice
Coleridge. I follow that, but what we have got to decide now is whether the
accused had any part or not in the incitement.
Mr. Healy. According
to our contention, the real criminals, if criminals there be, are not the
persons in the dock. The persons who caused these demonstrations are the
persons who are guilty of this breach of faith—the Ministers of the Crown.
Mr. Justice
Coleridge. We may all assume that the few persons who acted in the manner
described had, or thought they had, a grievance. The question is whether these
quotations are relevant as to these persons having, or having not, incited
others to commit breaches of the law. Accusations against this or that Minister
do not seem to me to have any bearing on the issue. The file of the paper is in
evidence; in addressing the jury the defendants can read any portions they
please.
F.W.P. Lawrence
said he would be strictly reasonable, and only read what was absolutely
material. He proceeded to read a number of further extracts, the principal of
which was from an article by Mrs. E.P. Lawrence in the number of February 23,
entitled, "Inciting to violence"—"In the Colston Hall, in
Bristol, the Right Hon. C.E.H. Hobhouse, at an Anti-Suffrage meeting, said
(vide report in the Press) 'that in the case of the suffrage demand there had
not been the kind of popular sentimental uprising which accounted for
Nottingham Castle in 1832 or the Hyde Park railings in 1867. There had been no
great ebullition of popular feeling.' We have often said that members of the
Government do not understand the language of reason or of argument, nor the
appeal to justice, and that the only argument that carries any weight with them
is the argument of militancy. Mr. Hobhouse on Friday last bore irrefutable
evidence to the truth of that statement. He altogether ignored the
constitutional agitation for Woman Suffrage, which is the greatest agitation
which has ever been carried out in this country for franchise reform... We
challenge any student of political history to furnish us with facts showing
that franchise agitations in the past were carried out on a constitutional
scale comparable to the Woman Suffrage agitation in this country during the
past six years. The only way in which the Woman's Suffrage agitation was
outdone by the franchise movements of men in the past was in violence and
destruction of property and of human life. It is this fact which, the Right
Hon. C.E.H. Hobhouse selects with which to taunt the Woman Suffrage Movement
with futility and failure. It is well that women should take this lesson to
heart, and that they should go back to the history of the agitation in 1832 in
order to glean from it reasons for the conduct of their own campaign. By
holding up to women the example of men in 1832 and in 1867, when the Hyde Park
railings were pulled down, Mr. Hobhouse takes the very grave responsibility of
inciting them to serious forms of violence, in comparison with which Mrs.
Pankhurst's exhortation is mildness itself. It is undeniably true that the
history of the Women's Movement shows nothing in any way comparable with the
violence and destruction wrought in Nottingham and Bristol. Neither do we
believe that it will ever be necessary for women to resort to these extreme
measures Women to-day are less emotional, less hysterical, and more politically
minded than were the men of the country in 1832. They are prepared to go just
as far in their demonstrations of public uprising as is necessary in order to
convey the fact that they are determined to win their freedom and no further.
They make up in individual self-sacrifice, and in readiness to accept the
consequences of their action, what is lacking in destructive violence."
To Mr. Healy. I selected these passages as, in my opinion, inciting to violence,
and as being calls by the leaders to take part in the demonstrations.
Mr. Healy put to
the witness the following passage: "The days are past for rioting, and we
do not need to have recourse to bloodshed or violence to carry on our schemes
of progress and reform, because we have a fairly good franchise, which is an
assurance that the will of the people, in these democratic days, must prevail.
Formerly, when the great mass of the people were voteless, they had to do
something violent in order to show what they felt; to-day the elector's bullet
is his ballot. Let no one be deceived, therefore, because in the present
struggle everything is peaceful and orderly, in contrast to the disorderliness
of other great struggles in the past," and asked whether that was an
incitement to violence. Witness declined to express an opinion. (The extract is
from a speech by Sir Rufus Isaacs.)
Inspector CHARLES
CROKER , recalled, produced the records as to the bailing-out of the women
charged with malicious damage on November 21 and March 1.
GODFREY
HASTINGS , manager of the Gardenia Restaurant, deposed to the letting of
rooms on various dates to the Union.
•JESSIE MACPHERSON ,
stillroom maid at the Gardenia Restaurant, said that on the morning of March 5
she found the two stones (produced) and a dozen smaller ones in the fireplace
of a room; upon one of the stones there was in ink or indelible pencil,
"Votes for Women."
Diligent search
Chief-inspector
John McCarthy, Special Branch, New Scotland Yard. On March 5, about 9.30 p.m.,
I went to 3 and 4, Clement's Inn with other officers and arrested F.W.P.
Lawrence and E.P. Lawrence on a warrant. I subsequently proceeded to search the
premises. F.W.P. Lawrence asked, "Have you a search warrant?"; I told
him that the warrant I had was sufficient; he formally protested. Christabel
Pankhurst is named in the warrant; we have made diligent search for her but
have been unable to find any trace of her. Witness produced a great mass of
documents found on the premises. They included a book giving the real and
assumed names of persons charged, date of the charge, sentence, date of
release, time served, and remarks; the book contained nearly 200 names. Among
manuscripts also found at the offices was one of a speech made by Christabel
Pankhurst, in which she said, "They say we are going to get heavy
sentences. All I can say is, we might as well be hung for a sheep as a lamb.
Let them give us seven years' penal servitude, if they like, but they shan't
give it us for nothing. We stall do our bit, even if it is burning down a
palace. Then we shall go into prison, and leave the others to join us, one by
one, after they have done their bit. We mean to be militant throughout this
session; there shall be no peace for us or anyone until this matter is settled.
Some people tell us that we ought to have chosen a different moment for the
protest because the coal strike is in progress. The miners are fighting for
something that is important, no doubt. They are fighting for bread and butter.
Votes for Women means bread and butter too. But it means something infinitely
more. I dare say it is an embarrassment to the Government that the miners and
the suffragettes should be fighting at one and the same time, but if either of
these fighting armies is to give way to the other, we say let the miners wait
until Votes for Women is settled, for we shall wait for nobody."
F.W.P. LAWRENCE,
cross-examining, put to witness the following passage: "Parliament has
never been hearty for reform or for any good measure. It hated the Reform Bill
of 1831-1832. It does not like the Franchise Bill now upon the table. What
should be done, and what must be done, in these circumstances? You know what
your fathers did 34 years ago, and you know the result. Men who in every speech
they made insulted the working men, describing them as a multitude given over
to vice, will be the first to yield when the popular will is loudly and resolutely
expressed. If Parliament Square, from Charing Cross to the venerable Abbey,
were filled with men seeking the Reform Bill, these slanderers of their
countrymen would learn to be civil, if they did not learn to love
freedom." Witness declined to express an opinion as to whether this would
be evidence of inciting people to take illegal action. (The extract is from a
speech of John Bright in 1866.)
To Mr. Healy. Mrs. Pankhurst has already served a term of imprisonment for her own
action on March 4; Mrs. Lawrence has also been in prison for an offence in
November. The number of women who have been imprisoned in connection with this
movement would run to several hundreds.
(Friday, May 17.)
A number of
witnesses were called to prove damage to windows by stones and hammers by the
persons named in the counts, alleging that prisoners aided and abetted in the
committing of unlawful and malicious damage.
Inspector THOMAS
MCNAMARA, Criminal Investigation Department. I was present at the Savoy Theatre
at a meeting of the Union on November 23, and took notes of the speeches in
longhand on the margin of a copy of "Votes for Women" which I bought
in the theatre. I made my report, based on these notes, next morning. The
speakers were Miss Christabel Pankhurst (presiding), Mr. Pethick Lawrence, Mrs.
Cameron Swan, and Miss Evelyn Sharp. My report was made from my notes and with
additions. The facts were fresh in my memory when I made it, and it is an
accurate note.
Mr. Justice
Coleridge. You cannot rely upon the witness's recollection for verbal accuracy.
Mr. Graham-Campbell
submitted that "the witness will be allowed to refresh his memory from any
book or paper made by himself or seen and examined by him shortly after the
fact occurred to which it relates, if he can afterwards swear to the fact from
his recollection." (Arch-bold, 24th Ed., p. 487.)
Mr. Justice
Coleridge. One cannot help knowing that a man who is taking longhand notes of a
speech which is rapidly delivered is not in the best position to recall what
was said that he has not taken down, because his attention has been directed to
what he has taken down, and therefore his memory is not so good as that of a
man who takes nothing but relies on his memory alone. If you are relying upon
verbal accuracy of phrasing and so forth, which I presume you are, then it is
merely discretionary on the part of the Court to admit it or not.
Witness's report of
the speeches was then read. Miss Christabel Pankhurst said, "They all felt
the deepest gratitude to those magnificent women who had so nobly responded to
the call on Tuesday night. Their heroism was all the greater because of the
memory they retained of '
Black Friday,' and also because the great bulk of
those women took a new departure in militancy which meant still more stringency
and more violence from the police.
The Government did
not come to the women with false promises until the women were in a position of
power. When asked if he objected to violence. John Bright said, 'Not if it
rests on a moral basis,' and, concluded Miss Pankhurst, in words that rang
solemnly, with a warning note, 'Let them beware how they incite us to do
worse.' " Mr. F.W.P. Lawrence said, "Tuesday's demonstration was a
great victory, because it had shown the world that the members of the movement
were determined, and was also the triumph of the indomitable spirit of the
women themselves. His wife sent this message from Holloway Gaol—Be ready."
To F.W.P. Lawrence.
This was a crowded meeting, and, judging by the size of the collection, and the
promises made, the audience was composed of people of position and standing. It
was an enthusiastic and approving audience. It has been my duty to attend a
good many meetings with a view of ascertaining if anything was said that
transcended the proper limits of public speech. (The following passage was put
to witness: "Violence is always deplorable, so is bloodshed, yet violence
and bloodshed in Ulster would be an incomparably smaller misfortune than
cowardly acquiescence in a revolution, which, if consummated, would assuredly
plunge the whole country into civil war.") I should regard that as a
serious statement, and if it had been made at a meeting at which I was
instructed to be present I should have noted it down. (The extract is from a
recent speech of the Right Hon. F.E. Smith, K.C., M.P.).
To E. Pankhurst. I have heard a good many speeches by you and other prominent members
of the Union. I may have heard these speakers say that if women had the
constitutional means of redressing their grievances that men possess there
would be no militancy, no violence. I have heard some of the speakers express
concern as to the future and the hope that the Government would take this
question seriously and deal with it before the women got out of the hands of
their leaders.
To Mr. Healy. After I had made my report from the notes I took I threw away the
newspaper on the margin of which they were written.
Detective JAMES
MCLEAN, Criminal Investigation Department, Bow Street. I attended a meeting of
the Union at the Savoy Theatre on December 23; Miss Christabel Pankhurst was in
the chair, and speeches were made by F.W.P. Lawrence. I took a verbatim
shorthand note, and the same night I made, not a transcript, but a condensed
report—a synopsis. (It appearing that witness had not kept his original
shorthand notes, his evidence as to this meeting was not taken.) On February 15
I attended a meeting of the Union at the Savoy Theatre; I have here the
original shorthand notes that I took. (Witness's notes of speeches were read.)
To F.W.P. Lawrence. I was not at a meeting at Croydon recently when a speech was made by
the Right Hon. Sir Edward Carson, K.C., M.P., in which he said, "There is
a point at which resentment becomes so acute—that we are entitled to adopt any
method of preventing liberty of discussion being taken away, and we tell Mr.
Asquith that he had better count the cost." I do not know as a fact that
men are now being drilled in different parts of Ulster.
To E. Pankhurst. Before I joined the Force I have, as a newspaper reporter, attended
many meetings of the Union. Until recently I do not consider that the speeches
have been violent, but it always seemed to me that they hinted at some
possibility, some force behind the movement, some hidden weapon. I have heard
speakers say that it was necessary to find some way of bringing pressure to
bear on those people who had power to give us the vote to women and refused to
do so. I have heard you say that men had won their freedom at the price of
blood, and that you wished the women would imitate them. I do not recollect
hearing you say that you wished to win reform without going to the lengths that
men had to.
Detective-sergeant THOMAS
COX , New Scotland Yard. On November 27 I attended a meeting of the Union
at the London Pavilion; the speakers were Miss Christabel Pankhurst (in the
chair), F.W.P. Lawrence, Miss Annie Kenney, and Miss E. Robins. The report
produced made up from my longhand notes is correct; the meeting ended at five
o'clock and I sent this report to my inspector before six. (Eventually the
witness's report was disregarded, and extracts from the speeches made at this
meeting were read from the report in "Votes for Women.")
Sergeant LIONEL
KIRCHNER, special branch, New Scotland Yard, produced a report from longhand
notes of a meeting at Kensington Town Hall on November 11, and extracts from
the speeches were read. Witness continued: On March 4 I was on duty outside 4,
Clement's Inn from 11 a.m. I saw about fifty women in and out there during the
day; they came in two's and three's, some on foot, some in taxis, some having
luggage. I saw the two prisoners Lawrence, also Miss Christabel Pankhurst; she
left about three in the afternoon with E. P. Lawrence and I think Dr. Ethel
Smyth, and they returned about 5.35.
To E. Pankhurst. I have been to 4, Clement's Inn, before this, but I do not remember
the dates. Clement's Inn is a very large place, and there are many tenants
besides the union; there are a number of residential flats; taxis are
constantly in and out there every day. On March 4 there were more visitors than
on an ordinary day.
To Mr. Healy. I was first instructed to take notes at Suffragette meetings about
two months before November 11; I cannot say whether it was not before a member
of the Cabinet had been interrupted at a meeting.
Omissions and inaccuracies
Police-constable ALBERT
G. HALL , 408 C. In January and February I attended several meetings of
the union and took accurate shorthand notes of the speeches, transcripts of
which I produce. (A number of extracts were read.)
To F.W.P. Lawrence. The transcripts are correct according to my notes; they are not
verbatim. I hold a certificate for writing shorthand at 110 words a minute. I
do not agree that what I have put down is a series of extracts joined together
by me to make complete sentences; what I have got down are whole continuous
sentences. (Witness was taken very closely through a number of speeches, and
various instances of omissions and inaccuracies were pointed out to him: he
confessed that he did not regard himself as a verbatim shorthand writer.)
To E. Pankhurst. I have a knowledge of "familiar quotations"; 1 do not know
very well the phrase, "Who would be free himself must strike the
blow." (In one speech of Mrs. Pankhurst's, as reported by witness, the
words represented to have been used by her were, "Who would be free
herself must strike the first blow.")
•Several other
witnesses were called to complete the evidence as to damage to windows on
November 21 and March 1. One of the women, when charged with malicious damage,
said, "I have accepted Mr. Hobhouse's challenge"; another said,
"What I did was done on my own entire responsibility"; another,
"I am here by my own deliberate act"; another, "This attack was
entirely due to the speech of Mr. Hobhouse at Bristol."
Inspector FRANCIS
POWELL, New Scotland Yard. In November I was engaged in connection with
meetings of the W.S.P.U. I attended at Cannon Row and Bow Street in connection
with the events of November 21. I also attended the meeting of the union held
in the Pavilion on the afternoon of March 4; the reports of the speeches that
have been read are to the best of my memory correct. About 900 attended the
meeting at which there was considerable interruption. After the meeting I went
to the vicinity of the Gardenia restaurant. I saw from 150 to 200 women
entering, many of them well-known to me.
My name was called,
and I went into a smaller room, where there as having been previously charged.
The members of the union are in the habit of wearing distinctive badges or symbols;
they were not worn on this occasion. In the early evening the women left the
Gardenia in small groups; several officers were instructed to follow. I
followed two, who went to Whitehall and there broke two windows at the War
Office.
To F.W.P. Lawrence. I am acquainted generally with the history of the agitation of the
W.S.P.U. It has undoubtedly organised many demonstrations of a peaceful and
orderly character; its meetings have been well attended, well conducted, and
enthusiastic. (Witness was asked whether, if these demonstrations had been made
by men, he would not have expected that the reasonable demands of the
demonstrators would have been conceded. Mr. Justice Coleridge said that this
was matter of argument rather than evidence. The issue was whether these
disorders were due to the incitement of the defenders.)
(Monday, May 20.)
•LILIAN BALL,
dressmaker, Tooting. I am a member of the Balham branch of the W.S.P.U. I was
one of a deputation to the House of Commons in October, 1910; on that day I got
my foot hurt and was taken in a taxi to Caxton Hall. In November, 1911, I
received a typewritten message inviting me to go to the Women's Press, in
Charing Cross Road. I went into a room upstairs, having given up a card which
had been sent to me. In the room were a number of ladies. were two or three
ladies. A lady asked me if I had a pocket in my skirt, and I said no. The lady
then gave me a bag of stones, which was tied around my waist, under my coat. I
said it was too heavy, and some of the stones were taken out. We were told to
try to get to the back of the House of Commons and break the windows. With two
other young ladies, similarly equipped, I went to the House of Commons. I
remained walking about there from 8 to 9. There were a lot of policemen about.
I went home without having used the stones, but I kept these in a bag. In
February this year (having in the meantime served a term of imprisonment) I
received a circular addressed to members of the union asking those who were
willing to take part in a fighting policy to send in their names and saying,
"Militancy alone can bring pressure to bear upon the Cabinet"; this
is signed by E. Pankhurst. I sent in my name. I received other communications,
including one which enclosed a card of admission to the Gardenia restaurant on
the evening of March 4, and a paper reading, "Instructions to volunteers.
When arrested and taken to Cannon Row or other police station you will, after
an interval, be bailed out; then return to your home or hostess. In the morning
you should surrender at the time mentioned on your charge sheet at the police
court, bringing with you a bag with everything you are likely to need during
your imprisonment. (Signed) E. Pankhurst." At this time I was working for
Mrs. Fagent, at Clapham Common; I think I left the paper on Mrs. Fagent's
table. On March 4 at 6 p.m. I went to the Gardenia, and on showing my card was
admitted. There were many women there. A lady asked me if I was prepared for a
long or short sentence. I said a short sentence—not more than seven days,
because I could not remain longer away from home. I was then told to go to the
United Service Museum in Whitehall, because there were small panes there and I
could not possibly get more than seven days. I was given a hammer, on which was
a motto in writing, "Better broken windows than broken promises." I
was advised to put the hammer up my sleeve. I did so, and went off with two
other ladies. We were told to do it before nine o'clock. I broke a window of
the United Service Museum. I was arrested and taken to Cannon Row Police
Station and was afterwards bailed out by Mr. Pethick Lawrence. Next morning I
went to Bow Street, bringing things with me. I was sentenced to two months'
hard labour and have served that sentence. When I went to the Women's Press in
November, 1911, I, acting on written instructions, did not wear any badge or
colours. I had the same instructions on March 4. None of the ladies wore them
on those occasions.
To F.W.P. Lawrence. On the occasion of the deputation in October, 1910, I was wearing a
badge. We were set upon by a mob and scattered in all directions, and my foot
was injured; it was not the result of an accident; the onset was intentional.
After that experience, I agree that it was advisable afterwards not to wear a
distinctive badge.
To Mr. Healy. As to why the police selected me to give evidence while 1 was in
Hulloway I signed a petition to the Home Secretary; this petition was at my
home when the officers called about my bag of stones, and I suppose they got my
name from that. I know of no reason why I should have been picked out.
Inspector FRANCIS
POWELL, recalled, was asked by E. Pankhurst his reasons for haying made
inquiries at the Inns of Court Hotel as to payments made by her while staying
at that hotel He explained that the object was to ascertain whether the
accounts were being paid by her personally or by the union. (Mrs. Pankhurst
asked whether the inquiries had anything to do with a statement made recently
by Mr. Lloyd George, when some women interrupted a meeting of his, that such
interruption "was a poor way of earning a day's pay." Mr. Justice
Coleridge said that any statement by Mr. Lloyd George had absolutely nothing to
do with the issue here.)
Defence.
•REV. WILLIAM F.
COBB , Rector of S Ethelburga, Bishopsgate. (To F.W.P. Lawrence.) I have
known the work of the W.S.P.U. for three or four years. I have attended several
meetings and have heard speeches by Mrs. Lawrence and Mrs. Pankhurst.
Mr. Lawrence asked,
"What was the general tenor of those speeches?"
Mr. Justice
Coleridge said that he could only admit questions directed to particular
speeches. If the defendants were accused of being members of an illegal
association, it might be then material to inquire into a hundred thousand
meetings; but the association to which they belonged was a perfectly lawful
association.
Mr. Healy pointed
out that the prosecution had alleged, as conspiracy, a number of acts of a
supposed criminal character; he submitted that the defence was entitled to
bring before the jury that there were a great many spheres of legitimate
activity connected with this movement.
Mr. Justice
Coleridge said the sole question for the jury was whether the defendants
incited by speech or by conduct on certain definite occasions the commission of
certain definite acts.
E. Pankhunst. Not
being a lawyer, I cannot say whether this is legal evidence, but I submit that
there is a higher law. We stand here in this dock defending ourselves Against a
charge which not only may mean long terms of imprisonment but may reduce us to
the level of the lowest in the land. I appeal to you to allow this evidence to
be given as to the motive, as to the need, and as to the urgency of the case.
Mr. Justice
Coleridge. My ruling is that you must confine your evidence to the material
matter which is before us, and that is whether or not you did or did not commit
the acts complained of in the indictment.
•Mrs. Esmond,
generally known as Miss Eva Moore, an actress, vice-president of the Actresses
Franchise League. (To F.W.P. Lawrence.) I have been acquainted with the work of
the W.S.P.U. for several years. I was present at the Albert Hall meeting on
November 10 and heard speeches of Mrs. Lawrence and Miss Christabel Pankhurst.
It did not seem to me that the speeches partook of the nature of an incitement
to violence; their general trend was that work was needed from all of us to
further our cause.
Cross-examined by
the Attorney-General. I did not
understand that what was advocated was that the militant campaign must go
forward more than ever. As to the passage in Mrs. Lawrence's speech, "If
we don't get what we want tomorrow the militant campaign goes forward with more
vigour than ever." I have no suggestion to make as to what was meant. I do
not remember attending meetings at which people were asked to come forward in
the campaign of window breaking. I have not myself taken part in window
breaking. I concluded that "militancy" meant deputations to
Parliament.
To E. Pankhunst. I have heard of "The Church militant." Militancy, I
suppose means being very determined to work in every possible way for something
that one thinks right.
•Sir Edward Busk,
M.A., LL.B. (To F.W.P. Lawrence.) I have been acquainted with the W.S.P.U. from
its initiation. I was present on February 16 at a dinner given to women
recently released from prison, Mrs. Pankhurst being in the chair. From the
speeches of the women I derived the impression that they were persons of
considerable cultivation, of great strength of mind, and of high character; I
was convinced that they had all adopted the course they had adopted by their
own deliberate intention; they did not seem weak-minded people likely to be
influenced by others.
To E. Pankhurst. I have heard several speeches of yours; the speech on this occasion
was, I think, the most violent I have heard you make.
To the
Attorney-General. I recognise that
it was a serious speech to make. I gathered that one of its objects was that
other persons should imitate the excellent example of those who had been sent
to prison for throwing stones. That is a part, but a very small part, of the
work carried on in this movement. I admit that I would not myself have made
that part of the speech; I think it was a very dangerous form of speech; but,
politically, you and I have gained our votes by the same kind of argument. I
suggest that we, who have possessed the franchise all our lives, cannot judge
the position of these women who do not possess it, and I decline to judge them.
Re-examined by
F.W.P. Lawrence. I have heard Mrs.
Pankhurst say that it was only because women had not the vote that they took
this method. I have heard her quote Lord Haldane as asking "why the women
had devoted themselves to a policy of pin-pricks," and Sir Edward Grey as
saying "he objected to violence, particularly to petty violence."
•Mrs. Morgan
Dockrell, president of the London County Council Women Teachers' Union, said
that she received the circular giving the invitation to join in the "great
militant protest" of March 4. She took it as merely an invitation to go to
the House of Commons to petition them on the subject of woman suffrage, and did
not understand that there would be any stone or hammer-throwing.
To E. Pankhurst. I have never heard you speak. The demonstrations of the W.S.P.U.
have always been called "militant" from the first, before there was
any breaking of glass.
•Miss Jessie
Murray, M.B.Sc. (To F.W.P. Lawrence.) I knew in advance that the demonstrations
of November and March were to be held. Several women had told me.
F.W.P. Lawrence was
proceeding to question the witness about incidents in November, 1910, when.the
Attorney-General said there was no case mentioned by the prosecution until the
end of 1911.
Mr. Pethick
Lawrence said that Lilian Ball had given evidence as to what took place in
November, 1910.
The
Attorney-General said the only reference to 1910 had been to connect the
defendants with the incitements of 1911 and 1912.
Mr. Justice
Coleridge said that if he had been appealed to at the time as to the importance
or relevance of statements made in evidence with reference to a deputation to
the Prime Minister in 1910 he might have ruled that they had no bearing
whatever on the issue. The inquiry here was as to the events of November 21,
1911, and March 4, 1912. If any lady was prepared to come and swear that
nothing said or done by the defendants had induced her to commit the act she
did commit on November 21 or March 4, that might be relevant evidence. E.
Pankhurst. The present witness is a medical woman, and we thought she might
replace those women, many of whom have been in prison for a long time, and have
been forcibly fed, and are not in a fit state of health to subject themselves
to the further ordeal of examination in this court.
F.W.P. Lawrence
said that in view of his lordship's ruling he would not waste the time of the
Court by calling the other ladies and gentlemen who had come prepared to give
evidence. In these circumstances he closed his case.
The Judge. Are you,
Mrs. Pankhurst, calling any witnesses?
Mrs. Pankhurst. I
am not able to call the only witnesses I should desire to call. They are the
Right Hon. Mr. Hobhouse and the last two Home Secretaries and the present-Home
Secretary.
(Tuesday, May 21.)
•Miss
ETHELSMYTH , doctor of music. I am a member of the W.S.P.U. (To E. Pankhurst.)
I was present at the meeting at the Pavilion Theatre on February 26 and heard
your speech. I was not incited by anything you said to take the part I
subsequently took. I did not wish to take any part in your militant agitation,
because I was too busy. Then came the refusal of the Home Office to permit the
inquiry into the conduct of the police on Black Friday. I know what these women
had been through. I then wrote straight away to Mrs. Lawrence to say that I
intended to take part in the next protest. I went so far as to say that I hoped
whatever the protest might be, it would not be such a protest as the one on
Black Friday, because I did not think that any women should subject themselves
to that sort of usage again. If that letter has disappeared I am rather glad of
it, because I think that it might possibly be cited as a case of inciting my
leaders to violence. Before I heard your speech I had made up my mind to take
part in some form of protest; that was in November; I was unfortunately
prevented by illness from doing what I had volunteered to do. I was asked to
take part in the protest of March 4; I declined, as I wanted to get on with my
work. Then, when I was in a sanatorium at Cardiff, came Mr. Hobhouse's Bristol
speech, and I wrote and said, "I am coming." I did not see how any
self-respecting woman, after that, could stay at home, I took part in the
protest, broke a window, and was sentenced to two months' hard labour, which
term I served.
This concluded the
evidence.
Mr. Healy submitted
that the indictment was bad. In fifty odd counts the frame of the charge was
"soliciting and inciting," and alternatively "committing."
The offence described in the Act (24 and 25 Vic, c. 97, a. 56) was "aiding,
abetting, counselling and procuring" the commission of the misdemeanour.
This being a purely artificial and technical offence and the creation of a
statute, the words of the statute itself should be used in the indictment.
Secondly, to constitute the offence it was necessary that, the mind of the
person solicited should be reached. (R. v. Krause, 66 J. P., 121.) Thirdly,
there was no evidence of "committing" within the words of section 51;
the count for "committing" could only be supported by reference to section
56; therefore, if the first objection were upheld, the "committing"
count must go.
Mr. Muir was heard
to support the submissions. Taking count 4 as an illustration, there was no
evidence to show that, assuming an incitement to have been uttered, it ever
reached Sarah Bennett. There was proof that some persons were incited by
language and acts of public men, apart from anything said by the defendants,
and it was merely a possibility that Bennett may have been incited by the
defendants; there was no evidence that incitement by the defendants ever
reached her mind; such evidence was clearly necessary according to R. v. Krause
(ante) and also R. v. Banks (12 Cox, 393). The Attorney-General pointed out
that inciting and soliciting persons to commit a misdemeanour was in itself a
common law misdemeanour. Secondly, in R. v. Krause Lord Alverstone expressly
said "I am clearly of opinion that it is not necessary to show that the
mind of a man had been effected. So to hold would be contrary to R. v.
Most." In the latter case (1881, 7 Q.B.D., 244) Coleridge (L.C.J.) said,
"An endeavour to persuade or an encouragement is none the less an
endeavour to persuade or an encouragement because the person who so encourages
or endeavours to persuade does not in the particular act of encouragement or
persuasion personally address the number of people, the one or more persons,
whom the address which contains the encouragement or the endeavour to persuade
reaches."
Mr. Healy: In
Most's case there was a charge of encouraging and endeavouring to persuade to
murder "certain persons whose names to the jurors were unknown." Here
the indictment is for inciting named persons.
Mr. Justice
Coleridge held that there was evidence to go to the jury on all the counts.
The
Attorney-General said that with regard to Mrs. Pankhurst, she was in America
last December, and therefore, the charges against her relating to that period
were withdrawn. Of course, this did not affect the conspiracy charge.
The defendants E.
Pankhurst and F.W.P. Lawrence addressed the jury; Mr. Healy followed for E.P.
Lawrence; the Attorney-General replied.
(Wednesday, May
22.)
Verdict, E. Pankhurst, Guilty on all counts except. 3 to 19; F.W.P. Lawrence
and E.P. Lawrence, Guilty on all counts. "The jury unanimously desire to
express the hope that, taking into consideration the undoubtedly pure motives
that underlay the agitation which has led to these troubles, you will be
pleased to exercise the utmost clemency in dealing with the case."
Sentence (each prisoner): Nine months' imprisonment, second division; E.
Pankhurst and F.W.P. Lawrence, jointly, and severally, to pay the costs of the
prosecution.
Full transcript, with page by page link to original as published:
Reference
Number: t19120514-54
Offence: Damage to Property > other
Verdict: Guilty > with recommendation; Guilty > with
recommendation
Punishment: Imprisonment > no_subcategory; Miscellaneous > no_subcategory
[Later] EMMELINE PANKHURST, Damage to Property > other, 1st April 1913
- from 1913 case: "in May, 1912,
sentenced at this Court to nine months' imprisonment, second division, for
conspiracy." The later case also makes quite interesting reading (Excerpts may follow): http://www.oldbaileyonline.org/browse.jsp?div=t19130401-67
]
 |
| From "Sylvia Pankhurst, Artist and Crusader" by Richard Pankhurst |
The 1912 conspiracy trial is described in: E. Sylvia Pankhurst, The Suffragette Movement:
An Intimate Account of Persons and Ideals. (1931). Virago pbk. 1977. Bk.III, Ch. II, pp.386-392.
 |
1912 embroidery with 78 names of Suffragettes imprisoned in Holloway
(LSE Women's Library via Vestry House Museum E17) |
